Afghanistan's Taliban have tried to offer hope that the country - and the world - won't return to the 1990s hard-line regime.
According to Al Jazeera, Taliban spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid said: "Our nation is a Muslim nation, whether 20 years ago or now." "But when it comes to experience, maturity, vision, there is a huge difference from 20 years ago."
Both the United States, which invaded after the Taliban government sheltered Osama bin Laden and other Al Qaeda members, and the Afghans scarred by the militants' violent struggle for power and oppression have sided with skepticism.
Burqa-clad women sit outside a door in Herat in 1999. Per-Anders Pettersson / Getty
National security adviser Jake Sullivan told reporters at the White House on Tuesday that it's "premature" to say whether the Biden administration recognizes the Taliban as governing power in Afghanistan.
The Taliban must show the rest of the world who they are and how they plan to proceed, Sullivan said. "Track record isn't good."
In the early 1990s, the Taliban were formed to fight the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. This group was led by Mullah Omar, who died in 2015, after the country plunged into civil war after many fighters who had expelled the Soviets turned on each other.
The group, which adheres to a strict interpretation of Sunni Islam and ruled the country as an emirate without a parliament or elections from 1996 to 2001, was initially hailed for attempting to restore order.
After the U.S. overthrew the Taliban, democracy and equal rights became enshrined in the constitution, if not in daily life for many Afghans, and the lives of minorities and urban women improved.
The Taliban still controlled parts of Afghanistan during this time. So they took over state hospitals and schools and ran their own justice system. Afghans viewed the central government as corrupt and inefficient, so they preferred the Taliban.
Taliban fought U.S.-backed governments in Kabul for 20 years. Since 2009, more than 100,000 civilians have been killed or injured.
Other groups blame the Taliban for planting improvised explosive devices in public places, often injuring civilians, and for assassinating prominent Western and liberal figures..
In the first six months of this year, the group was responsible for nearly 40 percent of civilian casualties, more than any other party to the conflict, according to the United Nations. Taliban leaders have denied targeting civilians.
In February 2020, the militants made a deal with the Trump administration that all U.S. troops would withdraw from Afghanistan within 14 months. When this didn’t happen, the Taliban launched an offensive to take back the country.
While the Taliban — run by a supreme leader, Haibatullah Akhundzada, and three deputies, Mawlavi Yaqoob, son of Mullah Omar, Sirajuddin Haqqani, leader of the powerful Haqqani militant network, and Abdul Ghani Baradar, who heads the Taliban's political office in Doha — now control three-quarters of Afghanistan, their capacity to govern is unclear.